New roads don’t fix traffic. In fact, they often make it worse. This has not only been observed in many real-life cases, but, as the mathematician Josefina Alvarez pointed out recently in Plus magazine, it’s also a mathematical reality. In 1968, maths thinker Dietrich Braess even proved this: “an extension of a road network by an additional road can cause a redistribution of the flow in such a way that the travel time increases.” It’s called the Braess paradox, and has implications well beyond roads.
First off, what we’re talking about isn’t really a paradox. It’s just counterintuitive. Here is the not-really-a-paradox stated more completely:
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For each point of a road network, let there be given the number of cars starting from it, and the destination of the cars. Under these conditions one wishes to estimate the distribution of traffic flow. Whether one street is preferable to another depends not only on the quality of the road, but also on the density of the flow. If every driver takes the path that looks most favorable to him, the resultant running times need not be minimal. Furthermore, it is indicated by an example that an extension of the road network may cause a redistribution of the traffic that results in longer individual running times.
Rush hour can be viewed as a non-cooperative game. Every driver is trying to minimize their time on the road and over many repetitions of rush hour across the same road network they achieve a kind of equilibrium, which is known as Nash equilibrium (for the idea’s genesis, John Nash). The idea is that a driver will settle on a route once they’re convinced that switching routes won’t result in a shorter drive-time. Thus, the travel time is the same for all drivers on every route.
This whole arrangement is a collective decision brought to life by selfish acts. There may in fact be a way of decreasing the total amount of travel time for all drivers on every route together, giving a collective optimal traffic scheme, but selfish decision-makers won’t have it if the optimal traffic scheme involves other drivers getting to their destinations faster. Hence, we have Nash equilibrium, in which the sum total of all drive times may be greater than it could be for unselfish actors.
To see the math, here’s an example. Imagine a point A and a point B, with two different routes between them. (To bring this to life, pretend that point A is downtown and point B is some suburb.) Each route has a long section in which the travel time will be constant no matter what and a smaller section in which the travel time is determined as a function of total traffic. So, each route has a portion that it will take a guaranteed 45 minutes of driving and then it has a section where the travel time is given by the number of cars x divided by 100. It looks like this:
The example is pretty general and widely used, but I’m pulling it here from Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World, which is a textbook by economist David Easley and computer scientist Jon Kleinberg, both of Cornell University. Here’s how it looks with numbers:
Now, suppose that 4000 cars want to get from A to B as part of the morning commute. There are two possible routes that each car can choose: the upper route through C, or the lower route through D. For example, if each car takes the upper route (through C), then the total travel time for everyone is 85 minutes, since 4000/100 + 45 = 85. The same is true if everyone takes the lower route. On the other hand, if the cars divide up evenly between the two routes, so that each carries 2000 cars, then the total travel time for people on both routes is 2000/100 + 45 = 65.
This works out pretty well, where the Nash equilibrium is a genuine equilibrium and the selfish approach yields the best approach for the group as a whole. Now, imagine a new superfast road is built to bridge C and D, as below. This route takes no time and is essentially free. So, cool, now everyone from the top route can jump to the lower route and take that little section of x/100 and save some amount of time (at the beginning taking 2000/100 + 2000/100 or 40 minutes).
Of course, it doesn’t work out like that. Everyone wants the shorter route but more people on a route makes it a less shorter route and, eventually, a longer route. Soon, things arrive once again at a Nash equilibrium. The catch is that it’s not the same Nash equilibrium as before and instead the new route between C and D acts as a vortex of sorts that essentially traps everyone on the A – C – D – B route by their own selfish decision making. Is it clear how this is working?
“To see why this is an equilibrium, note that no driver can benefit by changing their route: with traffic snaking through C and D the way it is, any other route would now take 85 minutes,” Easley ad Kleinberg write. “And to see why it’s the only equilibrium, you can check that the creation of the edge from C to D has in fact made the route through C and D a dominant strategy for all drivers: regardless of the current traffic pattern, you gain by switching your route to go through C and D.”
This is not always the case, but there are real-world examples. A classic is the closing of 42nd Street in New York City on Earth Day in 1990. What was projected to be a traffic nightmare proved to be a traffic salve. Seoul’s Cheonggyencheon stream restoration project, in which a six-lane highway through the city was replaced by a greenway, had a similar traffic-improving effect.
Will this become a regular thing? Dunno. I suppose it depends on how willing politicians and decision makers are to ditch incorrect tuition for intelligent planning. L-O-L.