California Cops Are Using the Homeless for Hands-On Training

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A California Highway Patrol (CHP) programme aimed at identifying drug users has been using the homeless as subjects in training exercises for officers. The programme has been ongoing for several years, but those that have participated claim that they have exchanged participation for freedom from arrest.

The Drug Recognition Evaluator Programme (DRE), which the CHP is the statewide coordinator for, is a training process designed to teach officers to identify what substance a person is on – meth, heroin, marijuana or just alcohol. Ordinarily people learn this by being college students, but the CHP has seen fit to come up with a formal programme.

“What makes the class very effective and in a lot of ways unique is that not only is it comprised of a classroom portion, but there is also is a clinical side,” said Sgt. Gilbert Peirsol, the DRE instructor in Fresno, CA. “They actually have hands-on training in evaluating people under the influences of controlled substances.”

Under the police’s discretion, and provided there's probable cause, DRE officers will pull up to someone that is perhaps walking too close to the highway, carrying an open container or appears to be under the influence. Thanks to a new city ordinance, officers in Fresno can also stop someone for having a shopping cart on the grounds of probable theft.

Calvin Utley, 25, a “scrapper” who frequents a recycling centre near the CHP office, says people are given the option of either participating in the testing, or getting booked in jail downtown. He said they pick up stragglers around the freeway. "They tend to get an ultimatum, whether they want to go to jail or go get tested,” he told me.

Downtown Fresno

Sgt. Peirsol says Fresno is a prime area for the certification process, and the DRE programme as a whole has set the precedent for various agencies from around the world. Trainees come to the CHP to learn the steps involved in drug recognition and identification at a few different sites throughout California.

It begins with a week long classroom instruction, followed by field testing. This is where the residents, homeless, transients or anyone suspected of being under the influence are used in the DRE programme. Trainees don't have to go far to find them.

A block north of the CHP office is Motel Drive, a desolate strip of motels, homeless encampments and liquor stores that run parallel to Highway 99. “The area that surrounds our office is historically known for drug activity,” said Peirsol.

Within the community around Motel Drive, there are some backers of the DRE programme, but it's a divisive issue.

41-year-old Shannon Downey, a homeless woman who resides in the area told me, “I’ve been asked to do this and I refused because I wasn't on parole or probation, nor was I high or holding any drugs.”

Downey believes that the process of picking up people for the DRE programme could potentially be useful, but that police officers are exploiting the often-powerless homeless population.

“It’s a free pass if you're out here being stupid, but it’s kind of cheap labour in a way, to use people that they know have to say yes. So it goes both ways,” said Downey, referring to the same ultimatum Calvin Utley described. Many homeless mention being given this option, but Sgt. Peirsol asserts that it's not the case, that regardless of their participation, those in question are charged and prosecuted.

“We don’t do a lot of bartering,” said Peirsol. “It’s illegal. What were arresting the folks for is illegal. Health and safety codes say you can’t be under the influence. If I see signs and symptoms of drug influence, you can be arrested,” he added.

Charlotte Ward

Charlotte Ward, who has been homeless off and on for the past 20 years, was not given an option. One day while working part time doing yard work for a local motel, she was picked up and taken to the CHP facility where they do the DRE testing.

“They just pulled up like Dukes of Hazzard and was like ‘I think you’re high and I'm gonna test you’ and stuff like that. I told them I was at work and they didn't even give me a chance,” said Ward.

Ward said she had to leave all of her work tools behind, and couldn’t tell her boss that she was leaving. But if she explained why she was being picked up, that would have caused another set of problems. “I was humiliated because I was at work. I could have lost the job due to them.”

She added, “I felt like I was under their shoe, like some gum.”

Letting people choose to either be booked or to suddenly be included in a training programme sounds like a devil's bargain, but the leniency could help out with overcrowding in the California’s prison system, which leads the nation in locking up drug offenders. Combined with the recent California measure to reduce sentences for those committing non-violent crimes, which are often drug related, the effort could be a step away from hard line positions leftover from the heyday of the War on Drugs.

Calvin Utley remains ambivalent. He described the experiences of some acquaintances, and told me “They feel it’s better than going to jail. But also they feel their rights are kind of being violated, you know?” He added, “I feel like they should be put in front of the judge before all that.”